WRIISC-DC and Environmental Epidemiology Service Publications

• Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom Veterans
• Gulf War Veterans
• Vietnam Veterans
• Women Vietnam Veterans
• Psychological Outcomes Among Vietnam Veterans
• Radiation Exposure
• Mustard Gas Exposure
• Methodology, Summary, or Other

Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom Veterans

Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent post-concussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. View Abstract

Gulf War Veterans

Toomey R, Kang HK, Karlinsky J, Baker D, Vasterling J, Alpern R, Reda D, Henderson W, Murphy F, Eisen S. Mental health of US Gulf War veterans 10 years after the war. British J Psychiatry 2007;190:385-393.View Abstract

Levine PH, Richardson PK, Zolfaghari L, Cleary SD, Geist CE, Potolicchio S, Young HA, Simmens S, Schessel D, Williams K, Mahan CM, Kang HK. A study of Gulf War veterans with a possible deployment-related syndrome. Arch Environ Occup Health 2006:61:271-278. View Abstract

Gray GC, Kang HK. Healthcare utilization and mortality among veterans of the Gulf War. Phil Trans R Soc B 2006;361:553-569.

Eisen SA, Karlinsky J, Jackson LW, Blanchard M, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Alpern R, et al. Spouses of Gulf War I veterans: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort. Mil Med 2006;171(7):613-618.

Gackstetter GD, Hooper TI, DeBakey SF, Johnson A, Nagaraj BE, Heller JM, Kang HK. Fatal motor vehicle crashes among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and exposure to munitions demolitions at Khamisiyah: a nested case control study. Am J Ind Med 2006;49:261-270. View Abstract

Hooper TI, DeBakey SF, Bellis KS, Kang HK, Cowan DN, Lincoln AE, Gackstetter GD. Understanding the effect of deployment on the risk of fatal motor vehicle crashes: a nested case-control study of fatalities in Gulf War era veterans, 1991-1995. Accid Anal Prev 2006;38:518-525.

Lincoln AE, Helmer DA, Schneiderman AI, Li M, Copeland HL, Prisco MK, Wallin MT, Kang HK, Natelson BH. The War-Related Illness and Injury Study Centers: A resource for deployment-related health concerns. Mil Med 2006;171:577-585.

Lincoln AE, Hooper TI, Kang HK, et al. Motor vehicle fatalities among Gulf War era veterans: characteristics, mechanisms and circumstances. Traffic Inj Prev 2006;7:31-37.View Abstract

Blanchard MS, Eisen SA, Alpern R, Karlinsky J, Toomey R, Reda DJ, Murphy FM, Jackson LW, Kang HK. Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:66-75.View Abstract

Miller R, Costigan DJ, Young HA, Kang HK, et al. Patterns of health care seeking of Gulf War registry members prior to deployment. Mil Med 2006;171:370-375. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Mahan CM, Kang HK, Page WF. Mortality in US Army Gulf War veterans exposed to 1991 Khamisiyah Chemical Munitions Destruction. Am J Public Health 2005;95:1382-1388.View Abstract

Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, et al. Gulf War veterans’ health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:881-890. View Abstract

Hooper TI, DeBakey SF, Lincoln AE, Kang HK, Cowan DN, Gackstetter GD. Leveraging existing databases to study vehicle crashes in combat occupational cohort: epidemiologic methods. Am J Ind Med 2005;48:118-127.View Abstract

Kang HK, Hyams KC. Mental health care needs among recent war veterans. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1289. View Abstract

Kang HK, Dalager NA, Mahan CM, Ishii E. The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans. Ann Epidemiol 2005;15:191-195. View Abstract

Levine PH, Young HA, Simmens SJ, Rentz D, Kofie VE, Mahan CM, Kang HK. Is testicular cancer related to Gulf War Deployment? Evidence from a pilot population-based study of Gulf War era veterans and cancer registries. Mil Med 2005;170:149-153. View Abstract

Mahan CM, Page WF, Bullman TA, Kang HK. Health effects in Army Gulf War veterans possibly exposed to chemical munitions destruction at Khamisiyah, Iraq, I. Morbidity associated with potential exposure. Mil Med 2005;170:935-944.

Page WF, Mahan CM, Kang HK, Bullman TA. Health effects in Army Gulf War veterans possibly exposed to chemical munitions destruction at Khamisiyah, Iraq. II. Morbidity associated with notification of potential exposure. Mil Med 2005;170:945-951.

Davis LE, Eisen SA, Murphy FM, Alpern R, Parks BJ, Kang HK, et al. Clinical and laboratory assessment of distal peripheral nerves in Gulf War veterans and spouses. Neurology 2004;63:1070-1077. View Abstract

Gray GC, Gackstetter GD, Kang HK, Graham JT, Scott KC. After more than 10 years of Gulf War veteran medical evaluations, what have we learned? Am J Prev Med 2004;26:443-452. View Abstract

Karlinsky JB, Blanchard M, Alpern R, Eisen SA, Kang H, Murphy FM, Reda D. Late prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in Gulf War I veterans. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2488–2491. View Abstract

Mahan CM, Kang HK, Dalager NA, Heller JM. Anthrax vaccination and self-reported symptoms, functional status, and medical conditions in the National Health Survey of Gulf War Era Veterans and Their Families. Ann Epidemiol 2004;14:81–88. View Abstract

Schneiderman AI, Lincoln AE, Curbow BA, Kang HK. Variations in health communication needs among combat veterans. Am J Public Health 2004;94:2074-2076. View Abstract

Smith TC, Jimenez DL, Smith B, Gray GC, Hooper TI, Gackstetter GD, Heller JM, et al. The postwar hospitalization experience of Gulf War veterans participating in U.S. health registries. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46:386–397. View Abstract

Hallman WK, Kipen HM, Diefenbach M, Boyd K, Kang H, Leventhal H, Wartenberg D. Symptom patterns among Gulf War registry veterans. Am J Public Health 2003;93:624–629. View Abstract

Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM. Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: A population based survey of 30,000 veterans. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:141–148. View Abstract

Young HA, Simmens SJ, Kang HK, Mahan CM, Levine PH. Factor analysis of fatiguing syndrome in Gulf War era veterans: implications for etiology and pathogenesis. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45:1268–1273. View Abstract

DeBakey S, Paxton M, Weaver R, Lange J, Cowan D, Kang H, et al. Risk of motor vehicle fatality associated with prior morbidity among Gulf War era veterans. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12: 509.

Gackstetter GD, DeBakey S, Cowan D, et al. Fatal motor vehicle crashes among veterans of the Gulf War era: A nested case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:509–510.

Kang HK, Bullman TA, Macfarlane GJ, Gray GC. Mortality among U.S. and U.K. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: A review. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:794–799. View Abstract

Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM, Simmens SJ, Young HA, Levine PH. Evidence for a deployment related Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Arch Environ Health 2002;57:61-68. View Abstract

Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Gulf War: 7-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:399–405. View Abstract

Kang HK, Magee C, Mahan C, Lee K, Murphy F, Jackson L, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among U.S. Gulf War veterans: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Ann Epidemiol 2001;11:504–511. View Abstract

Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Magee CA, Murphy FM. Illnesses among U.S. veterans of Gulf War: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. J Occup Environ Med 2000;42:491–501. View Abstract

Gray GC, Hawksworth AW, Smith TC, Kang HK, Knoke JD, Gackstetter, GD. Gulf War Veterans’ Health Registries. Who is most likely to seek evaluation? Am J Epidemiol 1999;148:343–349. View Abstract

Kipen HM, Hallman W, Kang HK, Fiedler N, Natelson BH. Prevalence of chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities in Gulf registry veterans. Arch Environ Health 1999;54:313–318. View Abstract

Murphy FM, Kang HK, Dalager NA, Lee KY, Allen RE, Mathers SH, et al. The health status of Gulf War veterans: Lessons learned from the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Registry. Mil Med 1999;164:327–331. View Abstract

Kang HK, Bullman TA. Counterpoint: Negligible “healthy-warrior effect” on Gulf War veterans’ mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:324–325. View Abstract

Gray GC, Coate BD, Anderson CM, Kang HK, et al. The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1505–1513. View Abstract

Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1498–1504. View Abstract

Blanck RR, Hiatt J, Hyams KC, Kang HK, et al. Unexplained illnesses among Desert Storm veterans: A search for causes, treatment, and cooperation. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:262–268. View Abstract

Back to Top

Vietnam Veterans

Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Lees PSJ, Yates K, Matanoski GM. Health status of  Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam. Am J Ind Med 2006;49:875-884.

Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, et al. U.S. Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans health study: preliminary results. Chemosphere 2001;43:943–949. View Abstract

Dalager ND, Kang HK. Mortality among Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:719–726. View Abstract

Mahan CM, Bullman TA, Kang HK, Selvin S. A case-control study of lung cancer among Vietnam veterans. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:740–747. View Abstract

Watanabe KK, Kang HK. Mortality patterns among Vietnam veterans: 24-year retrospective analysis. J Occup Environ Med 1996;38:272–278. View Abstract

Dalager NA, Kang HK, Burt VL, Weatherbee L. Hodgkin's disease and Vietnam service. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:400–406. View Abstract

Watanabe KK, Kang HK. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancers. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5:407–412. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Watanabe KK, Kang HK. Risk of testicular cancer associated with surrogate measures of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:11–16. View Abstract

Kang HK. Dioxin, health effects, handbook of hazardous materials. Academic Press, 1993.

Dalager NA, Kang HK, Burt VL, Weatherbee L. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among Vietnam veterans. J Occup Med 1991;33:774–779. View Abstract

Kang HK, Watanabe KK, Breen J, et al. Dioxins and dibenzofurans in adipose tissue of U.S. Vietnam veterans and controls. Am J Public Health 1991;81:344–349. View Abstract

Watanabe KK, Kang HK, Thomas TL. Mortality among Vietnam veterans: With methodological considerations. J Occup Med 1991;33:780–785. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Kang HK, Watanabe KK. Proportionate mortality among U.S. Army Vietnam veterans who served in Military Region I. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:670–674. View Abstract

Thomas TL, Kang HK. Mortality and morbidity among Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans: a preliminary report. Am J Ind Med 1990;18:665–673. View Abstract

Breslin P, Kang HK, Lee Y, Burt V, Shepard BM. Proportionate mortality study of Army and Marine Corps veterans of the Vietnam War. J Occup Med 1998;30:412–419. View Abstract

Shepard BM, Kang HK, Enzinger FM, Hobson LB. The risk of soft tissue sarcoma in veterans of Vietnam conflict. In AL Young & GM Reggiani (Eds.), Agent Orange and its associated dioxin: Assessment of a controversy. Elsevier Science Publications, 1988.

Kang HK, Enzinger F, Breslin P, Feil M, Lee Y, Shepard B. Soft tissue sarcoma and military service in Vietnam: A case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:693–699. View Abstract

Kang HK, Breslin PP. Effects of military draft on mortality. N Engl J Med 1986;315: 454.

Kang HK, Weatherbee L, Breslin PP, Lee Y, Shepard BM. Soft tissue sarcomas and military service in Vietnam: A case comparison group analysis of hospital patients. J Occup Med 1986;28: 1215–1218. View Abstract

Young AL, Kang HK, Shepard BM. Rationale and description of the federally sponsored epidemiological research in the United States on the phenoxy herbicides. In G. Choudhary, L.H. Keith & C. Rappe (Eds.),Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environment II. Boston, Mass.: Butterworth Publishers, 1985:155-166.

Kang HK, Shepard BM, Young AL. Health effects of Agent Orange exposure. In Occupational Medicine Current Concepts 7, No. 3. New York State Department of Health,1984.

Young AL, Kang HK, Shepard AL. Chlorinated dioxins as herbicide contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology 1983;17:530A–540A.

Back to Top

Women Vietnam Veterans

Cypel Y, Kang H. Mortality patterns among women Vietnam-era veterans: Results of a retrospective study. Ann Epidemiol;18:244-252 View Abstract

Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Magee CA, Mather SH, Matanoski G. Pregnancy outcomes among U.S. women Vietnam veterans. Am J Ind Med 2000;38:447–454. View Abstract

Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Magee CA, Selvin S. Prevalence of gynecological cancers among female Vietnam veterans. J Occup Environ Med 2000;42:1121–1127. View Abstract

Dalager NA, Kang HK, Thomas TL.. Cancer mortality patterns among women who served in the military: the Vietnam experience. J Occup Med 1995;37:298–305. View Abstract

Thomas TL, Kang HK, Dalager NA. Mortality among women Vietnam veterans, 1973–1987. Am J Epi 1991;134:973–980 View Abstract

Back to Top

Psychological Outcomes Among Vietnam Veterans

Bullman TA, Kang HK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic death among Vietnam veterans. In C. Fullerton & R. Ursano (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder, acute and long-term responses to trauma and disaster. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press,;1997.

Bullman TA, Kang HK. Risk of suicide among wounded Vietnam veterans. Am J Public Health 1996;86:662–667. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Kang HK. A study of suicide among Vietnam veterans. Federal Practitioner 1995;12:9–13.

Bullman TA, Kang HK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994;182:604–610. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Kang HK, Thomas TL. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry: A case-control analysis. Ann Epidemiol 1991;1: 505–512. View Abstract

Farberow NL, Kang HK, Bullman TA. Combat experience and post service psychosocial status as predictor of suicide in Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990;178:32–37. View Abstract

Back to Top

Radiation Exposure

Dalager NA, Kang HK, Mahan CM. Cancer mortality among the highest exposed U.S. atmospheric nuclear test participants. J Occup Env Med 2000;42:798–805. View Abstract

Kang HK, Bullman TA, Mahan CM. A mortality follow-up study of WW II submariners who received nasopharyngeal radium irradiation treatment. Am J Ind Med 2000;38:441–446. View Abstract

Kang HK. Feasibility of an epidemiologic study of submariners who received radium irradiation treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:433–437. View Abstract

Watanabe KK, Kang HK, Dalager NA. Cancer mortality risk among military participants of a 1958 atmospheric nuclear weapons test. Am J Public Health 1995;85:523–527. View Abstract

Back to Top

Mustard Gas Exposure

Bullman TA, Kang HK. A fifty year mortality follow-up of veterans exposed to low level chemical warfare agent, mustard gas. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:333–338. View Abstract

Back to Top

Methodology, Summary, or Other

Liu X, Engel Jr CC, Kang HK, Armstrong DW. Veterans and functional status transitions in older Americans. Mil Med, 2006;171(10):942-949.

Kang HK, Bullman TA, Taylor JW.  Risk of selected cardiovascular diseases and posttraumatic stress disorder among former World War II Prisoners of War.  Ann Epidemiol 2006;16:381-386. View Abstract

Page WF, Mahan CM, Kang HK. Vital status ascertainment through the files of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration. Ann Epidemiol 1996;6:102–109. View Abstract

Bullman TA, Kang HK. The effects of mustard gas, ionizing radiation, herbicides, trauma, and oil smoke on U.S. military personnel: The results of veterans studies. Annu Rev Public Health 1994;15:69–90. View Abstract

Kang HK. Resources for epidemiologic research in Vietnam era veteran populations within the Department of Veterans Affairs. In Epidemiology in military and veteran populations Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1991:97-103.

Kang HK, Thomas TL. National sources of vital status information: Extent of coverage and possible selectivity in reporting [Letter to the editor]. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:1196–1197.

Back to Top